Butterbur, scientifically known as Petasites hybridus, is a perennial herb found in Europe, Asia, and North America. This herb has a rich history in traditional medicine, where it was utilized for treating headaches, allergies, and respiratory issues. The name “butterbur” itself traces back to the herb’s large leaves, traditionally used to wrap butter in warm weather to keep it cool.
How Does It Work?
Delving into the science behind butterbur, one of its key players is petasin. This compound, part of the sesquiterpenes group, boasts natural anti-inflammatory and smooth muscle relaxing properties. By inhibiting the production of inflammatory chemicals known as leukotrienes, petasin helps reduce spasms in smooth muscles, including those in blood vessels.
Another essential compound in butterbur is isopetasin, structurally akin to petasin and potentially sharing similar effects. These compounds, accompanied by other elements like flavonoids and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, contribute to the various health benefits associated with butterbur.
Benefits of Butterbur
Butterbur for Allergic Rhinitis
If you suffer from allergic rhinitis, butterbur might be your natural ally. The active components in butterbur extracts possess anti-inflammatory properties that can help ease the symptoms of allergic rhinitis, including nasal congestion, sneezing, and itching.
Specifically, a leaf extract called Ze 339 has shown promise in clinical research. Consuming up to 6 tablets daily for 1-2 weeks has been linked to a reduction in nasal inflammation, providing relief comparable to common antihistamines like cetirizine or fexofenadine.
However, it’s crucial to note that not all butterbur extracts offer the same benefits, and while the leaf extract shows promise, the root extract may not provide the same relief.
Migraine Relief with Butterbur
Butterbur extracts also hold potential in alleviating migraines. Research indicates that a specific butterbur rhizome extract, free from pyrrolizidine alkaloids and standardized to contain 15% petasin and isopetasin, can significantly reduce the frequency, intensity, and duration of migraines.
When taken at a dose of 75 mg once or twice daily for up to 16 weeks, this extract has been found to decrease migraine frequency by approximately 48%. Positive results have been observed in children aged 6-17 as well. The recommended doses for children suggest that butterbur rhizome extract could be a promising treatment option for reducing migraine headaches.
Potential Side Effects
Allergic Reactions
When considering the use of butterbur, it’s crucial to be aware of potential allergies. Butterbur belongs to the Asteraceae/Compositae family, which includes common allergenic plants like ragweed and marigolds. Individuals allergic to these plants may also be at risk of developing an allergy to butterbur.
While severe allergic reactions to butterbur extracts are rare, some studies report sensitivity reactions, including itching, wheezing, flu-like symptoms, and hives.
Raw Herb Concerns
Consuming raw butterbur herb poses safety risks due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids, potentially toxic compounds. Animal studies suggest that high doses of raw herb over extended periods may lead to liver damage and increase the risk of cancer.
Thankfully, commercial butterbur supplements like Petadolex®, Petaforce®, and Tesalin® remove these alkaloids, ensuring safety. No reported cases of liver failure or cancer are associated with standardized butterbur extracts, providing a safe option for harnessing its potential benefits.
Liver Issues
The presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) in butterbur raises concerns about liver toxicity. PA-free butterbur preparations are available, but evidence suggests they may still pose a risk of liver injury.
In cases related to a PA-free product called Petadolex, some instances of severe liver injury were reported, requiring discontinuation of butterbur use.
Liver toxicity from PAs occurs due to enhanced oxidative stress, and even small amounts can lead to veno-occlusive disease. It’s essential to consider these factors when exploring the potential side effects of butterbur and opt for standardized extracts to minimize risks.
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